Nūhou ʻOihana: Hoʻonui ka GPU i ke koi no nā wafers silicon

ʻO Silicon ka lua o nā mea maʻamau ma ka Honua, ma hope o ka oxygen, a ʻo ka hiku o nā mea maʻamau ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa. He semiconductor ʻo Silicon, ʻo ia hoʻi, he mau waiwai uila kona ma waena o nā alakaʻi (e like me ke keleawe) a me nā mea hoʻokaʻawale (e like me ke aniani). Hiki i kahi liʻiliʻi o nā ʻātoma haole i loko o ke ʻano silicon ke hoʻololi maoli i kona ʻano, no laila pono ke kiʻekiʻe loa o ka maʻemaʻe o ka silicon semiconductor-grade. ʻO ka maʻemaʻe haʻahaʻa i ʻae ʻia no ka silicon electronic-grade he 99.999999%.

ʻO ke ʻano kēia, hoʻokahi wale nō ʻātoma non-silicon i ʻae ʻia no kēlā me kēia ʻumi piliona ʻātoma. ʻO ka wai inu maikaʻi e ʻae ai i 40 miliona mau molekala non-wai, ʻo ia hoʻi he 50 miliona mau manawa i emi ka maʻemaʻe ma mua o ka silicon semiconductor-grade.

Pono nā mea hana wafer silicon hakahaka e hoʻololi i ka silicon maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe i nā ʻano kristal hoʻokahi kūpono. Hana ʻia kēia ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi kristal makuahine hoʻokahi i loko o ka silicon i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma ka mahana kūpono. Ke hoʻomaka nā kristal kaikamahine hou e ulu a puni ka kristal makuahine, hana mālie ka ingot silicon mai ka silicon i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. Lohi ke kaʻina hana a hiki ke hala i hoʻokahi pule. ʻO ke kaumaha o ka ingot silicon i hoʻopau ʻia ma kahi o 100 kilokani a hiki ke hana ma mua o 3,000 mau wafer.

Ua ʻoki ʻia nā wafers i mau ʻāpana lahilahi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka uea daimana maikaʻi loa. Kiʻekiʻe loa ke kiko o nā mea hana ʻoki silicon, a pono e nānā mau ʻia nā mea hana, a i ʻole e hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻohana i nā mea hana e hana i nā mea lapuwale i ko lākou lauoho. ʻO ka hoʻolauna pōkole i ka hana ʻana o nā wafers silicon ua maʻalahi loa a ʻaʻole i hōʻoia piha i nā hāʻawi a nā mea akamai; akā ua manaʻolana ʻia e hāʻawi i kahi ʻike no ka hoʻomaopopo hohonu ʻana i ka ʻoihana wafer silicon.

ʻO ka pilina lako a me ke koi o nā wafers silicon

ʻEhā mau ʻoihana i noho aliʻi ma ka mākeke wafer silicon. No ka manawa lōʻihi, ua noho ka mākeke i kahi kaulike ma waena o ka lako a me ke koi.
ʻO ka emi ʻana o ke kūʻai aku ʻana o nā semiconductor i ka makahiki 2023 ua alakaʻi i ka mākeke i loko o ke kūlana o ka lako nui, e hoʻonui ana i nā waihona kūloko a me waho o nā mea hana chip. Eia naʻe, he kūlana manawa pōkole wale nō kēia. I ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka mākeke, e hoʻi koke ana ka ʻoihana i ka lihi o ka hiki a pono e hoʻokō i ke koi hou i lawe ʻia e ka hoʻokahuli AI. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka hoʻolālā kuʻuna e pili ana i ka CPU i ka helu wikiwiki ʻana e loaʻa ka hopena i ka ʻoihana holoʻokoʻa, e like me Eia naʻe, hiki i kēia ke loaʻa ka hopena i nā ʻāpana haʻahaʻa o ka ʻoihana semiconductor.

Pono nā ʻano hana hoʻolālā Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) i kahi silicon hou aʻe

I ka piʻi ʻana o ke koi no ka hana, pono nā mea hana GPU e lanakila i kekahi mau palena hoʻolālā e hoʻokō ai i ka hana kiʻekiʻe aʻe mai nā GPU. ʻIke loa, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka chip kekahi ala e hoʻokō ai i ka hana kiʻekiʻe aʻe, ʻoiai ʻaʻole makemake nā electrons e hele i nā mamao lōʻihi ma waena o nā chips like ʻole, kahi e kaupalena ai i ka hana. Eia nō naʻe, aia kahi palena kūpono i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka chip, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka "retina limit".

ʻO ka palena lithography e pili ana i ka nui loa o kahi chip e hiki ke hōʻike ʻia i hoʻokahi ʻanuʻu i loko o kahi mīkini lithography i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana semiconductor. Hoʻoholo ʻia kēia palena e ka nui o ke kahua magnetic o nā lako lithography, ʻoiai ka stepper a i ʻole ka scanner i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kaʻina hana lithography. No ka ʻenehana hou loa, ʻo ka palena mask maʻamau ma kahi o 858 millimeters square. He mea nui loa kēia palena nui no ka mea e hoʻoholo ai i ka ʻāpana nui loa e hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ma ka wafer i hoʻokahi hōʻike ʻana. Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wafer ma mua o kēia palena, pono nā hōʻike he nui e hoʻohālikelike piha i ka wafer, he mea kūpono ʻole ia no ka hana nui ʻana ma muli o ka paʻakikī a me nā pilikia hoʻonohonoho. E lanakila ka GB200 hou i kēia palena ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ʻelua mau substrates chip me nā palena nui o ka particle i loko o kahi silicon interlayer, e hana ana i kahi substrate super-particle-limited i ʻelua ka nui. ʻO nā palena hana ʻē aʻe ka nui o ka hoʻomanaʻo a me ka mamao i kēlā hoʻomanaʻo (ʻo ia hoʻi ka bandwidth hoʻomanaʻo). Hoʻopau nā hoʻolālā GPU hou i kēia pilikia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻomanaʻo bandwidth kiʻekiʻe (HBM) i hoʻokomo ʻia ma ka interposer silicon like me ʻelua mau chips GPU. Mai kahi kuanaʻike silicon, ʻo ka pilikia me HBM ʻo ia kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka ʻāpana silicon he pālua ia o ka DRAM kuʻuna ma muli o ka interface parallel kiʻekiʻe e pono ai no ka bandwidth kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohui pū ʻo HBM i kahi chip mana logic i loko o kēlā me kēia stack, e hoʻonui ana i ka ʻāpana silicon. Hōʻike kahi helu maʻamau ʻo ka ʻāpana silicon i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻolālā GPU 2.5D he 2.5 a 3 mau manawa ia o ka hoʻolālā kuʻuna 2.0D. E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, inā ʻaʻole i mākaukau nā ʻoihana foundry no kēia hoʻololi, hiki ke paʻa hou ka mana o ka wafer silicon.

Ka mana o ka mākeke wafer silicon i ka wā e hiki mai ana

ʻO ke kānāwai mua o nā kānāwai ʻekolu o ka hana semiconductor, ʻo ia ka nui o ke kālā e pono e hoʻopukapuka ʻia i ka wā e loaʻa ai ka liʻiliʻi o ke kālā. ʻO kēia ma muli o ke ʻano cyclical o ka ʻoihana, a he paʻakikī i nā ʻoihana semiconductor ke hahai i kēia lula. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi, ua ʻike ka hapa nui o nā mea hana wafer silicon i ka hopena o kēia hoʻololi a ua aneane ʻekolu i kā lākou huina kālā hapaha i nā hapaha i hala. ʻOiai ke kūlana paʻakikī o ka mākeke, ʻo ia nō ke ʻano. ʻO ka mea hoihoi loa, ua lōʻihi kēia ʻano. He pōmaikaʻi nā ʻoihana wafer Silicon a ʻike paha i kahi mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia e kekahi. ʻO ke kaulahao lako semiconductor kahi mīkini manawa e hiki ke wānana i ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻO kou wā e hiki mai ana paha ka wā i hala o kekahi. ʻOiai ʻaʻole mākou e loaʻa mau i nā pane, loaʻa mau iā mākou nā nīnau kūpono.